China Airlines Flight 642 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

China Airlines Flight 642 - Essay Example This essay will examine the Threat and Error Management where it will look into detail on the threat of typhoons as an aviation problem. There are three components of Threat and Error management, and they include threats are defined as anything that by itself or combined with another element causes adverse effects on the outcome of the flight. There are various causes of threats such as like weather, a complex procedure and an aircraft malfunction (Flexman, 2012, P. 32). Threats such as the weather require a lot of attention from the management to ensure that safety is maintained. Errors are said to be pilot’s actions or inactions that cause the deviation of the plane in some kind. Lastly, there are undesired states that are defined as operational states where an unintended situation happens in lessening in limits of safety. It has been established that undesired states that are as a result of ineffective threat or error controlling may lead to bargained situations; hence, reducing the limits of safety in flight operations Threat and Error Management accepts that human error will occur, which is a shift from what was believed previous by the airline safety belief. Therefore, TEM is a predominant safety concept that relates to flight operations and human actions. Although not a revolutionary concept, it has evolved gradually because of the continuous drive to develop the boundaries of safety in flight operations through convenient incorporation of Human facets of knowledge. The framework of the TEM is a theoretical model that helps in the indulgent from an operational viewpoint, the inter-relationship amid safety and human performance in perplexing and dynamic operational contexts. The framework focuses concurrently on the operative context and the individuals discharging operational duties. Therefore, the framework of the TEM is diagnostic and descriptive of both system and human performance. The

International Relations Theory Human Rights Formal Term Paper

International Relations Theory Human Rights Formal - Term Paper Example These instruments set universal standards against which national governments and individuals alike can measure their own compliance and compare it to that of others. Even when there is disagreement over the precise meaning, nature or scope of a particular human right, the fact that such dialogue exists at all demonstrates the widespread recognition of, and concern for, fundamental universal human rights. According to Conlon in 2004, human rights were among the more powerful ideas to emerge from the U.N. Charter along with peace, national self-determination, and development. After the drafting and adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, to which all the countries of the world subscribe, at least rhetorically, the modern international human rights system developed slowly within the constraints of the Cold War. While there remains much to celebrate about the Universal Declaration and collateral human rights treaties, there have also been substantial complications in managing the political organization of such international obligations. Within the U.N., until the 1980s, the issue of human rights was essentially an ideological football, kicked back and forth in a match between West and East (Schwarz, 2004). Western players prioritized political and civil rights and their Eastern counterparts (usually backed up by southern reserves) economic and social rights. The divide was part of Cold War competition, which left little room for the possibility of joint promotion.Nevertheless, a wide range of international norms has been enshrined in legally binding international human rights instruments, and in a growing web of customary international law. Protections were established by treaty for those subjected to torture, for victims of racial discrimination, for children, and for women (Conlon, 2004). As neither the United States nor the Soviet Union deferred fully to this system during the Cold War, the protection of human rights remained more nominal than actual. The sovereign prerogatives of the superpowers trumped rights enforcement, with the U.N. system accepting non-compliance on many occasions. At present, the most promising avenues for the immediate actualization of global justice involve sensitive adjustments to variations of state and society makeup, as in the numerous peace, reconciliation, and accountability procedures established in a number of countries (Gandhi, 2000). Also encouraging are various collaborations between transnational social forces and those governments that are more value-oriented and sensitive to the claims of global justice, as opposed to those that define their role according to the maximization of power, wealth, and influence.